Comparison of Two Commercials Essay Example

Comparison of Two Commercials Essay Example Comparison of Two Commercials Essay Comparison of Two Commercials Essay Outline Thesis statement: When compared side-by-side, there are differences in the two. Some of these include that the Lexus ad uses predominantly the logos, or logical, appeal whereas the second uses pathos, the emotional appeal, the target audiences for both commercials, and the effectiveness of each. 1. Pathos or logos? 1. VW uses more pathos than Lexus. 1. Humor is effective tactic in advertising. 2. By using humor, advertisers make their product more memorable. 2. Lexus uses more Logos than VW. II. Target audiences. 1. VW targets younger viewers but could be effective on almost anyone. 2. Lexus targets a more mature, serious audience. III. Effectiveness. 1. VW is more effective because it provides information, and it is entertaining as well. 2. The Lexus ad fails to be memorable. Rough Draft: Volkswagen vs. Lexus Over the last few decades, American culture has been forever changed by the huge amount of advertisement the people are subjected to. Advertising has become such an integral part of society, many people will choose whether or not they want to buy a product based only on their familiarity with it rather than the product’s price or effectiveness. Do to that fact, companies must provide the very best and most convincing advertisements as possible. Those companies have, in fact, done just that, and often times use varied methods of persuading consumers. By comparing two automobile commercials, this essay will look at how the first ad uses predominantly the logos appeal whereas the second uses pathos, the target audiences for both commercials, and the effectiveness of each. First, the commercial by Volkswagen uses primarily the pathos appeal (â€Å"Meet†) whereas; the Lexus commercial uses mainly logos (â€Å"Engineering†). The VW ad uses humor to get its message across (â€Å"Meet†). Humor is a very effective tactic used in advertising because it entertains the viewer, and that makes them more likely to remember the product being promoted. In contrast, the advertisement by Lexus presents facts about their product to persuade the audience to consider their vehicles (â€Å"Engineering†). This is also a good way for companies to inform their potential customers. Businesses build up credibility by presenting factual information rather than meaningless entertainment. In that way, they are using the ethos appeal by using the logos appeal. These two approaches to advertising are both effective, and which appeal a company focuses on may be largely contributed to the audience being targeted. On that note, the target audiences for both commercials will be compared. The commercial by Volkswagen uses humor to captivate the viewer and throws in a few facts while the audience is being entertained (â€Å"Meet†). The Lexus commercial, on the other hand, is much more serious (â€Å"Engineering†). It leads the viewer to believe that they have the answers to questions about future fuel demand and provides information in support of that (â€Å"Engineering†). The audience being targeted by VW is made up of more young people than the Lexus ad; however, it could also appeal to some older individuals as well. Lexus is targeting specifically a more mature audience in their ad. One can tell this because they spend less time on entertainment and more time for facts. This type of advertising would appeal to more serious and educated individuals. The goal of advertising is to convince the target audience to buy the product being advertised. With that being said, which one of these two commercials is the most effective at doing that? Though both do a good job getting their messages across, the ad by VW is more effective. This is because VW uses pathos, logos, and some ethos. By using all of the appeals, Volkswagen of America is able to grab the viewer’s attention, use ethos, in the form of an old car that they used to make, to establish credibility, and then provide logical information about the vehicle to inform the consumer (â€Å"Meet†). The Lexus ad does a good job of providing information, but fails to provide a way for the audience to remember their advertisement for very long after watching it (â€Å"Engineering†). In conclusion, the commercials by Lexus and Volkswagen both make the viewer consider their product. To do this, they use different methods of advertising. Also, both companies target different audiences. When all is said and done, they have varying degrees of success in doing so. Advertising is a fundamental force in today’s society, and because of this, companies must provide the most effective commercials with presentation of as many logical appeals as possible. Word Count: 607 Meet The Volkswagens – Jetta TDI Meets Prius Youtube. 18 May 2009. Web. 10 October 2011. † youtube. com/watch? v=JXK63kvUi6U Engineering Amazing Commercial Wall Youtube. 9 June 2011. Web. 10 October 2011. † youtube. com/watch? v=AJTYPq0gNCofeature=pyv Final Draft: Volkswagen vs. Lexus Over the last few decades, American culture has been forever changed by the huge amount of advertisement the people are subjected to. Advertising has become such an integral part of society, many people will choose whether or not they want to buy a product based only on their familiarity with it rather than the product’s price or effectiveness. Do to that fact, companies must provide the very best and most convincing advertisements as possible. Those companies have, in fact, done just that, and often times use varied methods of persuading consumers. Two commercials that provide a good view of the different types of advertising used today include a commercial by Lexus Motor Company featuring all the ways that their car is prepared for the future (â€Å"Engineering†) and a commercial by Volkswagen of America that provides some factual information but mainly focuses on humor (â€Å"Meet†). When compared side-by-side, there are differences in the two. Some of these include that the Lexus ad uses predominantly the logos, or logical, appeal whereas the second uses pathos, the emotional appeal, the target audiences for both commercials, and the effectiveness of each. First, the commercial by Volkswagen uses primarily the pathos appeal (â€Å"Meet†) whereas; the Lexus commercial uses mainly logos (â€Å"Engineering†). The VW ad uses humor to get its message across (â€Å"Meet†). Humor is a very effective tactic used in advertising because it entertains the viewer, and that makes them more likely to remember the product being promoted. In contrast, the advertisement by Lexus presents facts about their product to persuade the audience to consider their vehicles (â€Å"Engineering†). This is also a good way for companies to inform their potential customers. Businesses build up redibility by presenting factual information rather than meaningless entertainment. In that way, they are using the ethos appeal by using the logos appeal. These two approaches to advertising are both effective, and which appeal a company focuses on may be largely contributed to the audience being targeted. On that note, the target audiences for both commercials will be compared. The commercial by Volkswagen uses humor to captivate the viewer and throws in a few facts while the audience is being entertained (â€Å"Meet†). The Lexus commercial, on the other hand, is much more serious (â€Å"Engineering†). It leads the viewer to believe that they have the answers to questions about future fuel demand and provides information in support of that (â€Å"Engineering†). The audience being targeted by VW is made up of more young people than the Lexus ad, however, it could also appeal to some older individuals as well. Lexus is targeting specifically a more mature audience in their ad. One can tell this because they spend less time on entertainment and more time for facts. This type of advertising would appeal to more serious and educated individuals. The goal of advertising is to convince the target audience to buy the product being advertised. With that being said, which one of these two commercials is the most effective at doing that? Though both do a good job getting their messages across, the ad by VW is more effective. This is because VW uses pathos, logos, and some ethos. By using all of the appeals, Volkswagen of America is able to grab the viewer’s attention, use ethos in the form of an old car that they made in the past to establish credibility, and then provide logical information about the vehicle to inform the consumer (â€Å"Meet†). The Lexus ad does a good job of providing information, but fails to provide a way for the audience to remember their advertisement for very long after watching it (â€Å"Engineering†). In conclusion, the commercials by Lexus and Volkswagen both make the viewer consider their product. To do this, they use different methods of advertising. Also, both companies target different audiences. When all is said and done, VW’s advertisement is the most effective because it uses all of the appeals to convince their audience. Advertising is a fundamental force in today’s society, and because of this, companies must present as many logical appeals as possible and provide the most effective commercials possible. Word Count: 675 Meet The Volkswagens – Jetta TDI Meets Prius Youtube. 18 May 2009. Web. 10 October 2011. † youtube. com/watch? v=JXK63kvUi6U Engineering Amazing Commercial Wall Youtube. 9 June 2011. Web. 10 October 2011. † youtube. com/watch? v=AJTYPq0gNCofeature=pyv

The United Nations History, Organization, Functions

The United Nations History, Organization, Functions The United Nations is an international organization designed to make the enforcement of international law, security, and human rights; economic development; and social progress easier for countries around the world. The United Nations includes 193 member countries  and two permanent observer entities  that cannot vote. Its main headquarters is in New York City. History and Principles of the United Nations Prior to the United Nations (UN), the League of Nations was the international organization responsible for ensuring peace and cooperation between world nations. It was founded in 1919 to promote international cooperation and to achieve peace and security. At its height, the League of Nations had 58 members and was considered successful. In the 1930s, its success waned as the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) gained influence, eventually leading to the start of World War II in 1939. The term United Nations was then coined in 1942 by Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt in the Declaration by United Nations. This declaration was made to officially state the cooperation of the Allies (Great Britain, the United States, and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) and other nations during World War II. The UN as it is known today, however, was not officially founded until 1945 when the Charter of the United Nations was drafted at the UN Conference on International Organization in San Francisco, California. Representatives of 50 nations and several non-governmental organizations attended the conference, all of which signed the charter. The UN officially came into existence on October 24, 1945, after its charters ratification. The principles of the UN are to save future generations from war, reaffirm human rights, and establish equal rights for all persons. In addition, it also aims to promote justice, freedom, and social progress for the peoples of all of its member states. Organization of the UN Today To handle the complex task of getting its member states to cooperate most efficiently, the UN today is divided into five branches. The first is the UN General Assembly. This is the main decision-making and representative assembly and is responsible for upholding the principles of the UN through its policies and recommendations. It is composed of all member states, is headed by a president elected from the member states, and meets from September to December each year. The UN Security Council is another branch and is the most powerful. It can authorize the deployment of UN member states militaries, can mandate a cease-fire during conflicts and can enforce penalties on countries if they do not comply with given mandates. It is composed of five permanent members and 10 rotating members. The next branch of the UN is the International Court of Justice, located in The Hague, Netherlands. Next, the Economic and Social Council assists the General Assembly in promoting economic and social development as well as the cooperation of member states. Finally, the Secretariat is the branch headed by the Secretary-General. Its main responsibility is providing studies, information, and other data when needed by other UN branches for their meetings. Membership Today, almost every fully recognized independent state is a member of the UN. To become a member of the UN, a state must accept both peace and all obligations outlined in charter and be willing to carry out any action to satisfy those obligations. The final decision on admission to the UN is carried out by the General Assembly after recommendation by the Security Council. Functions of the United Nations Today As it was in the past, the main function of the UN today is to maintain peace and security for all of its member states. Though the UN does not maintain its own military, it does have peacekeeping forces that are supplied by its member states. On approval of the UN Security Council, these peacekeepers are, for example, sent to regions where armed conflict has recently ended to discourage combatants from resuming fighting. In 1988, the peacekeeping force won a Nobel Peace Prize for its actions. In addition to maintaining peace, the UN aims to protect human rights and provide humanitarian assistance when needed. In 1948, the General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a standard for its human rights operations. The UN currently provides technical assistance in elections, helps to improve judicial structures and draft constitutions trains human rights officials, and provides food, drinking water, shelter, and other humanitarian services to peoples displaced by famine, war, and natural disaster. Finally, the UN plays an integral part in social and economic development through its UN Development Program. This is the largest source of technical grant assistance in the world. In addition, the World Health Organization; UNAIDS; The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria; the UN Population Fund; and the World Bank Group, to name a few, play an essential role in this aspect of the UN. The parent organization also annually publishes the Human Development Index to rank countries in terms of poverty, literacy, education, and life expectancy. Millennium Development Goals At the turn of the century, the UN established what it called its Millennium Development Goals. Most of its member states and various international organizations agreed to target goals relating to reducing poverty and child mortality, fighting diseases and epidemics, and developing a global partnership in terms of international development, by 2015. A report issued as the deadline neared noted the progress that had been made, lauding efforts in developing nations, and noted shortfalls as well that need continued focus: people still living in poverty without access to services, gender inequality, the wealth gap, and climate changes effects on the poorest people.

Basic Quantitative Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Basic Quantitative Analysis - Essay Example The glossary- like essay is prepared based principally on the typical book by Paul C. Cozby titled Methods in Behavioral Research. Some other established and authentic books are also cited. It is used to compare between two or more individual students of two or more divisions, classes or schools or the performance of two or more classes or schools, or the performance of an individual under two or more dissimilar testing conditions in terms of possession of some attributes or characteristics. Gravetter, Forzano (2008) assert that when the data is presented not in numerical values we have no alternative other than comparing the proportions or percentiles (p.452). In order to compare the achievements of two individuals or groups, the means are compared. It is possible when the scores are distributed in numerical figures. We compare mean score first, and then we do means. Contrary to both, in co relational study, we compare two variables for each and every individual, included in a particular group, and the score of different groups. If the data is numerical we resort to co relational studies, if not we use chi-square. (p.453) The name pie chart is given to a circle diagram. In determining the circumference of a circle we have to take into consideration a quantity known as ‘pie’. In this form of graphical representation, the data is represented through the sections or portions of circle. It is a graph in which frequencies are represented by bars, arranged one touching the next. The height of the bar will represent the frequency of the class. The area of the rectangle is proportionate to its frequency. In this way the total area of a bar graph which includes all those rectangular bars will represent the total frequency or ‘N’. A polygon is a many-sided closed figure. A frequency polygon is a graphic representation of a given frequency distribution. In this graph, the midpoints of the classes are plotted on the X-axis, to

ETHICS MANAGEMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ETHICS MANAGEMENT - Essay Example The individual scenarios illustrate the importance of ethics in management in their day to day activities. The CFA Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct is used as a guideline in resolving each given problem. The Code and Standards  serves as the ethical yardstick of investment professionals all around the world, setting aside the aspects of job title or position, cultural differences, or local laws. The values of integrity, competence, diligence, respect, and in an ethical manner with the public, clients, prospective clients, employers, employees, colleagues in the investment profession, and other participants in the global capital markets are hereby applied in the sample problems in order to resolve the ethical issues presented in this paper. Keywords: ethics management, ethical dilemma, code of ethics, professional conduct, values, global investment ETHICAL MANAGEMENT This paper presents some of the common problems encountered in the professional environment by applying CFA In stitute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct to as a guide in order to resolve the ethical dilemmas. The CFA Code of Ethics emphasizes the values of integrity, competence, respect and how to maintain professional competence by placing the interests of the clients above individual interest. On the other hand, the CFA Standards of Professional Conduct highlights the values of professionalism, duties to clients, employers, colleagues, the integrity of capital markets, investment analysis and recommendations and conflicts of interest. Both are used as point of reference in resolving ethical dilemmas and ethical conflicts by applying ethical theories. Problems A & B As a sales representative, I am faced with the ethical dilemma of whether I should close the deal with Fortune 500 company even if I know that the other 2,000 computers will be delayed in delivery and I will earn a sizeable profit by receiving a big commission from such sale and will definitely boost the compa ny’s stock option. As a mother of two children, my kids are entitled to receive support from me, the money that I will be earning will help our family to defray our daily expenses. On the other hand, I will be in violation of the Code of Ethics as I should â€Å"act with integrity, competence, diligence and respect to my clients. I am expected to put the interest of client above my own personal interests†(CFA Code of Ethics 2010). One of my duties to my clients is to be fair in all my dealings with them. In this case, if I pursue with the sale with personal knowledge that the other computer units will not be delivered on time, I am guilty of putting my personal interest above the interest of my client. The long term effect of this sale to Fortune 500 would mean that their company will incur losses because of the failure of delivery on the part of our company. Our company will stand to lose a valuable client if I choose to close the deal without informing them that we c annot deliver on time and blame the delay to the manufacturer of computers. The short term effect will be advantageous on my part as I will receive a lucrative commission and the company will also benefit from the sale by receiving a boost in the company’s stock price and help our executives who want to exercise stock options. In the end, my final decision will be to forego with the deal even if our company will stand to lose a reasonable amount of profit and also if I lose the chance to earn personal gain. The Standards of Professional Conduct requires that in cases of â€Å"conflict of interest, I should make full and fair disclosure of all matters that could reasonably be expected to impair my independence and objectivity or interfere with respective duties to my clie

Human Development Essay Example for Free

Human Development Essay Taking a look at the Human Development Index map of Africa, which can be seen on (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Development_Index) on the web; it shows that many of Africas countries are very underdeveloped.7 One of the obvious reasons for why countries is Africa are underachieving is because of how poor is the strength of their economy compared to others. As it is well known, Africa is very rich in mineral resources as many other states rely upon their, possessing most of the known minerals types of the world. Africas economy is more reliant on agriculture than that of any other continent, with around 60% of Africans working in the agricultural sector. Secondly, the economic development of virtually all African nations has been hindered by inadequate transportation systems. Most countries rely on road networks that are composed largely of dirt roads, which become impassable during the rainy seasons. Road networks tend to link the interior of a country to the coast; few road systems link adjacent countries.9 To show how poor and how bad economy crisis is in Africa, one ought to take a look at their food crisis and the growing volume of food imports. Whereas Africa imported an average volume of 1.96 million metric tons of agricultural products in the years 1961-63, by 1980-82 this figure had risen to 11.2 million metric tons at an annual value of over $6.8 billion (over one-seventh of the total value of Africas imports in 1982).Owing to foreign exchange constraints, most African countries have had to rely increasingly on food aid to meet their imported food requirements.10 The commercial sectors of most African states rely heavily on one or a few export commodities. The bulk of trade occurs with industrialized nations, which require raw materials and sell industrial and consumer goods. Trade between African states is limited by the competitive, rather than complementary, nature of their products and by trade barriers, such as tariffs, and the diversity of currencies. Looking at the economy of Europe, a sharp contrast in strength and influence can visibly be seen. Europe has long been a world leader in economic activities. As the birthplace of modern science and of the Industrial Revolution, Europe acquired technological superiority over the rest of the world, which gave it unquestioned dominance in the 19th Century. An important impetus for growth since the mid-20th Century has been the formation of supranational organisations such as the European Union, the European Free Trade Association, and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. Unlike Africa, Europe has highly developed transport systems, which are densest in the central part of the continent. Many countries in Europe use well maintained transportation systems to transport important goods such as water transport which plays a major role in the European economy. Almost all European countries maintain national airlines, and several, such as Air France, British Airways, Swissair, Germany, and Netherlands are major worldwide carriers.13 Looking at both economies and trade, it is unquestionably obvious that Europe conducts substantial international trade compared to Africa. For Europe, much of its trade is intra-continental, especially among members of the European Union, but also engages in large-scale trade with countries of other continents. Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy and the Netherlands are among the worlds greatest trading nations. A large portion of European inter-continental trade involves the exporting of manufactured goods and the importing o f raw materials. Europes agricultural sector is generally highly developed, especially in Western Europe. The agricultural sector in Europe is helped by the Common Agricultural Policy, which provides farmers with a minimal price for their products and subsidized their exports, which increases competitiveness for their products. This policy is highly controversial as it hampers free trade worldwide (protectionism sparks protectionism from other countries and trade blocs: the concept of trade wars) and is violating the concept of fair trade.15 Africas economy is more reliant on primary products (i.e, agricultural and mineral) than that of any other continent, with around 60% of Africans working in the agricultural sector. About three fifths of African farmers are subsistence farmers tilling small pots of land to feed their families, with only a minimal surplus that can be sold for other goods.16 However, there are significant number of large farms that grow cash crop such as coffee, cotton, cocoa, and rubber; these farms, normally operated by large corporations, cover tens of square kilometres and employ large number of labourers. Africas geography is unsuited to trade and thus hampers its economy. The centre of the continent, at least on the western side, is an almost impenetrable rainforest that greatly impedes the transit of people of goods. Some of the wealthiest parts of South Africa are blocked from the rest of Africa by the Kalahari Desert, while the Sahara creates an obvious barrier to trade. While Africa has a number of great river systems such as those of the Nile, Niger, Congo, and Zambezi, it is not nearly as well-linked rivers as are other areas such as Europe. Moreover, many of the rivers are blocked by rapids and cataracts that require vast development projects if they are to be bypassed. The wetness of the roads and tracks makes transport difficult and hazardous. In addition Africa is cut off from the sea to a greater extent than any other continent. To enforce even more problems to Africa; there is an increasing amount of desertification occurring in Africa where the deserts, especially the Sahara are becoming larger, enveloping area around them, leaving less space for land. This process is partly due to the deforestation of areas of forest; with no roots to hold soil in place, it blows away leaving an infertile desert. Europe has a well developed financial sector. Many European cities are financial centres with the City of London being the largest.19 The European financial sector is helped by the introduction of the euro as common currency. This has made it easier for European households and firms to invest in companies and deposit on banks in other European countries as exchange rate fluctuations are now non-existent in Europe. As mentioned above, Europes economy is superior to that of Africa, so what can Africa do to improve its economy or perhaps what can it take from the Europe economy as a model. Professor J A. van Ginkel held a conference on the Knowledge and Development in Africa; here he talked about ways to improve Africas economy however not only by getting the economic policies right.20 Prof van Ginkel mentions that there is now substantial evidence that institutional weakness in many African countries is a critical obstacle to economic performance.21 From the surveys he conducted on the obstacles to business in Africa it highlights the damage caused by: the unpredictability of changes in laws and policies, the unreliability of law enforcement, and the impact of corrupt bureaucracies.22 Unless governments eliminate these kinds of obstacles then it is unlikely that the economy whether it is just locally in certain parts of Africa or on a national front will flourish. An aspect of the Europe model that Africa can learn from is the aspect of knowledge. No commodity is more expensive than knowledge. An Africa without a sustainable, strong knowledge sector of its own will always remain in a dangerously dependent position. Research and training institutions on the continent can make a critical contribution in at least three ways: by making the most of existing indigenous knowledge; by accessing the vast reservoir of existing global knowledge, as well as the ongoing advances in understanding, and adapting them to suit specific local conditions; and by helping to find innovative solutions to seemingly intractable problems.23 In terms of human resources, it was highlighted in the Seminars of Anticipation that African developments suffers from a tragic paradox: on the one hand, elites trained in Western world are too many (and most of them stay in the US or in the EU because they cannot find well-paid qualified positions in Africa, or because their skills do not correspond to African needs); while on the other hand the well-trained intermediate executives required to manage a modern economy are cruelly missing in Africa (higher technical experts, management executives, civil administrators). To conclude, this essay has looked the economies of both Europe and Africa and compared and contrast both of them. It has also provided information about both economies in terms of trade and finance. A brief history was provided which looked at the relationship between Europe and Africa and to the days of colonisation. Reasons as to why both regions are on different levels economically were provided to show how dominant and rich Europe was and how poor and underdeveloped Africa was. The Africa food crisis was mentioned to give an account of how poor Africa was against other regions. In addition ways that Africa can improve their economy thus bringing it more power and strength so that it can compete with other regions was provided, for example making sure Africa had the aqeduate education so that it learn. Many Africans move to the west so that they can have higher education which is not available in Africa and tend to stay there once they have completed their studies. This is detrimental to Africas development and thus a solution to the problem would be to support the creation of a complete curriculum. This would lead to a massive contribution to the development of vocational and technical education in Africa thus improving Africas economy. So as it can seen, the economies for both Europe and Africa are at this present time in contrast to each other but there is hope for Africa to become more dominant and influential in world affairs if the correct adjustments and policies are introduced to improve them. References Fawcett, L., Hurrell, A., Regionalism in World Politics, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995, pg 43Â  Ravenhill. J, Africa in economic crisis, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1986, pg 9Â  www.ciaonet.org/isa/rajo

Electronic Trade and Money Laundering :: Economics

Electronic Trade and Money Laundering ELECTRONIC TRADE — FEATURES AND EXPECTATIONS Electronic trade is a reality that reveals and promises both rapid and exponential growth. Its constant progress, as well as increasing innovation in electronic payments, has for long been the subject of wide attention, especially for regulatory bodies, in respect of the opportunities for money laundering that these new instruments can provide, and of the responses that regulatory systems can and must develop in their regard. Detailed reports on the wholesale implementation of the new payment systems are available from the Bank for International Settlements. These reports show that, with greater or lesser speed, such systems are taking on a global dimension. Innovation continues incessantly; and rumours spread every day about the development of newer instruments, residing even in the most familiar tools such as mobile telephones." Aside from unpredictable shocking events, which could thwart the advance and availability of technological resources, electronic trade is eventually likely to become the norm, at least in the most advanced countries. It will spread over all markets, just as other instruments — cars, household appliances, telephones — have done before, because it is equally effective, cheap, and within everybody's reach. The main factors still inhibiting widespread diffusion are security risks — such as problems of transparency and symmetry of information; a need for defence from intrusive technologies; a call for guarantees against threats deriving from fraud, embezzlement, counterfeiting, false identities and privacy. These risks are likely to be scaled down, as the diffusion of the new instruments enlarges the market in such a way as to make lawful behaviour thoroughly prevail — which in turn will make the market itself more reliable. Under such conditions, obstacles and constraints that interfere with market development will not be able to resist its inner pressure, or will turn into discriminations and losses in commercial competition, which is positively unwelcome for the economies involved. It is certainly not by chance that in this matter the governments of many countries have so far shown a 'wait and see' attitude. NEW INSTRUMENTS AND MONEY LAUNDERING RISKS In its broadest sense, money laundering includes whatever activity is apt to disguise the source of illicitly earned wealth, dissolving the tracks that can lead back to it. To this goal, whatever means the economic and financial system can supply is beneficial. Experience has shown that money launderers prefer environments featured with poor control, high risks that justify high losses and profits, multiplier effects, little transparency and thus asymmetric information, ease of manipulation, chance of connivance or illicit profit sharing. In this perspective, the internet is an ideal environment. The access to new technologies is more effective, and at

Milk Production Linear Programing Essay

Abstract – A Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model is proposed in this paper that targets the optimal production scheduling in a single milk production line. The model takes into account all the standard constraints encountered in production scheduling (material balances, inventory limitations, machinery capacity, labor shifts and manpower restrictions). Furthermore, it considers special features that characterize milk production, which are limitations in production sequencing mainly due to different fat contents and flavors of various products and sequence-dependent setup times and costs. The objective function that is minimized considers all major sources of variable cost that depend on the production schedule, i. e. changeover cost, inventory cost and labor cost. The model is applied to a milk production line of a Sala industry in Iran and the results are presented and discussed. Keywords: Production scheduling; Mixed integer linear programming; Sequence-dependent setups. 1. Introduction Several restrictions encountered in everyday production complicate the scheduling problem. The available machine time and man hours constitute a significant restriction to the problem. Another issue in the scheduling process is accomplishment of the production targets. There are several possible modes of operation and the choice among them depends on the goal sought, which could be the optimization of production earliness or tardiness or the optimization of the incurring production profit or cost.. There could also be limitations in the production sequence. Technical issues can arise due to configuration modifications in the machinery during transitions or due to changes in the packaging materials. Both require a changeover time,during which the production is seized. In some cases the equipment has to be cleaned during transitions,which additionally creates a changeover costdue to losses of product quantities and consumption of utilities. Much of the scheduling research is directed towards problems with sequence-independent transitions. A scheduling methodology that incorporates sequence-dependent changeovers would be closer to reality and increase its effectiveness to a great extent. This can be justified as follows:If a sequence of operations requires excessive changeover time,it should not be preferred,despite the fact that its setup cost may be small. Setup cost in this situation would be high; setup time would vary depending on the cleaning procedure. A comprehensive review of scheduling problems that consider sequence-dependent transitions between products can be found in Reklaitis(2000) and Allahverdi et al. (1999). Another important issue that must be considered in milk production scheduling is the rather short life-cycle of the products that must be consumed in a matter of weeks or even days. Furthermore, customers prefer that the milk they buy is as fresh as possible. This pushes towards a just-in-time mode of operation,which makes the supply chain more susceptible to fluctuations in demand. All the above factors need to be taken into consideration in the design and implementation of the scheduling process. (Schuermann &Kannan, 1977; Sullivan & Secrest, 1985) + Corresponding author. Tel. : 09183601930 ; E-mail address: h-javanmardha@iau-arak. ac. ir 318 1. 1. Nomenclature Indices †¢ †¢ i days j, k, l products N scheduling horizon (days) P number of products demand(i, j) demand for product j on day i (ton) csetup(j,k) changeover cost from product j to productk (â‚ ¬) tsetup(j,k) changeover time from product j to productk (h). Cstorage storage cost (â‚ ¬/1000 cups/day) costs for the three shifts (â‚ ¬/h) u(j) machine speed for product j (ton/h) openinv(i, j), tarinv(i, j) opening and target inventory level of product j at the end of day i (ton) M(j), l(j) maximum and minimum production lots(ton) prod(i,j) produced quantity of product j on day i (ton) inv(i, j) inventory level of product j at the end of day i(ton) Time(i) total utilization of machine, including changeover times on day i (h) BIN(i, j) production of product j on day i (1/0) BINSETUP(i,j,k) changeover from product j to product k on day i (1/0). The rest of the paper is structured as follows: In the next section the motivating example that led to the development of the model is briefly described. 1. 2. Parameters †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 1. 3. Decision variables †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ 2. Problem definition – model formulation. The problem that is examined in this paper has the following structure: Given †¢ the daily demand of each product, †¢ the starting inventory, †¢ setup costs and times for the transitions between products, †¢ the production speed of each product, †¢ the inventory holding cost, †¢ the labor cost for the three working shifts, †¢ the sequencing limitations 3. objective of the model is to decide and calculate the products to be manufactured in each day and their respective quantities, †¢ the machine time (starting time and ending time) utilized by each product †¢ the inventory quantities of each product at the †¢ end of each day. At the same time, the constraints of the problem should be met. There are restrictions in: †¢ production demands, †¢ due dates of orders, †¢ sequencing of operations, †¢ available machine time and man hours. †¢ More precisely, the basic characteristics of the proposed scheduling tool are the following: †¢ †¢ 3. 1 3. 2 319 Model formulation and time representation: The formulation that is presented in this paper uses binary variables to indicate whether setup between two products takes place or not. The total scheduling horizon is separated into discrete-time periods, whose length isequal to one day. Within each time period, continuous- time formulation was preferred in order to reduce the size of the model and the required solution time and increase the accuracy of the model regarding time representation. †¢ Food industry-specific: The methodology that is presented in this work is oriented towards the food industry, as it takes into consideration a set of production restrictions that are frequent in food and especially milk production practice. Moreover, transitions between products are sequence dependent, meaning that both changeover times and costs are considered as sequence dependent. One more industry-specific requirement is the fact that at the endof the day all the equipment must be cleaned. So, production is seized at the end of each day. (P. Doganis, H.Sarimveis / Journal of Food Engineering 80 (2007) 445–453 447). †¢ Demand satisfaction: Demand is product-specific and is considered daily, that is, there are product orders and due dates within the scheduling horizon, often multiple within the week. Early production is possible but tardiness is not allowed. †¢ Decision variables: A number of model characteristics are not fixed or pre-determined in order to allow the solution algorithm to search for a combination of their values that would optimize the objective function. †¢ Objective function: The objective function not only takes makespan into consideration, but also includes setup costs, standard and overtime labor costs and inventory costs. The model is formulated as a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) problem, which is explained in details in the sequel. 3. 3 Parameters †¢ scheduling horizon, †¢ number and sequencing of products, †¢ demand of each product for each day, †¢ setup time and cost for each possible transition, †¢ storage cost of a unit of product for a day, †¢ labor cost for each shift, †¢ machine speed for each product, †¢ opening inventories and target inventories at the end of the scheduling horizon. 3. 4 Decision variables The optimal values of the decision variables are provided by the solution of the optimization problem and can be grouped into continuous variables and binary variables. For each day in the scheduling horizon, the optimal values of the following variables are obtained: †¢ 3. 5 Continuous variables The produced quantity of each product. The inventory level of each product at the end of the day. †¢ The total utilization of the machine including the setup times. Binary variables †¢ Binary variables (one for each product) indicating whether the respective product is to be produced in the particular day. †¢ Binary variables (one for each possible transition) indicating whether the respective changeover will take place or not. †¢ †¢ 3. 6 4. Objective function – minimization of The objective function represents the production cost, variable cost csetup(j,l). BINSETUP(i,j,l)+ inv(i,j). cstorage +?cost . Time(i) which is comprised of the setup costs, the inventory holding costs and the labor costs for all days of the scheduling horizon. Raw material and utility costs do not depend on any particular schedule and are not included in the objectivefunction. 320 4. 1 Constraints The constraints that must be satisfied are expressed by the following set of equations. The names of the parameters and variables are explained in the nomenclature. 4. 1. 1 Relationship between continuous variables and binary Variables Prod(i, j)? m(j). bin(i,,j) Prod(i,,j)?  µ(j). bin(i,,j) where m(j) and  µ (j) indicate the maximum and the smallest lot sizes allowed. The above inequalities express the restriction that production of product j in day i is allowed (prod(i, j) > 0) if and only if the binary variable BIN(i, j) takes the value of 1. Similarly, product j is not manufactured in day i (prod(i, j) = 0), if and only if the binary variable BIN(i, j) takes the value of 0. 4. 1. 2 Total material balance for each product throughout the scheduling horizon Openinv(j)+? prod(i,,j)=? demand(i,,j)+inv(N,,j) The summation of produced quantities of product j throughout the production horizon plus the initial inventory must equal the sum of demand of all days plus the inventory of product j at the end of the last day. †¢ Earliness is possible, but no tardiness is allowed Inv(1,,j)=openinv(j)+prod(1,,j)-demand(1,,j) Inv(1,j)? 0 Inv(i,j)=inv(i-1,,j)+prod(i,,j)-demand(i,,j) i>1 Constraints (5 and (6 calculate the daily inventory levels for each product j, while at the same time require that daily demands are satisfied and no tardiness is allowed. At the end of the first day, the inventory must equal the initial inventory plus any produced quantity, reduced by the demand of that day (Eq. 5 On any other day, the inventory must be equal to the inventory level of the previous day plus any produced quantity, reduced by that day’s demand. †¢ Satisfaction of the target inventory level at the end of the scheduling horizon Inv(N,,j)=tarinv(j) The inventory levels at the end of the scheduling horizon must meet the targets. 4. 2 Case study. The case study presented here concerns a specific milk production line, where 4products are produced. The products are indicated in Table 1 along with the production speeds. The problem for a six-day schedulinghorizon. The proposed tool was utilized to calculate the optimal production schedule for a week, for which the complete list of data are shown in Tables 1–5 Both opening and target inventories are set to zero for all 4different products in this case study. Setup constraints We need the binary variable BINSETUP(i, j,l) to take the value of 1 if and only if there is a changeover from product j to product l on day i. This is achieved by the following set of inequalities:where k is a sufficiently small number. It is shown that for each case there is only one possiblevalue of BINSETUP (i, j, l), which is becoming equal to 1, only if BIN(i, j) is 1 and BIN(i,l) is 1 . The MILPoptimization problem that was formulated was solved using the LINDO 6. 1The optimal production schedule, daily machine utilization and daily inventory levels are depicted respectively in Tables 6-8e production schedule contains the decisions concerning the products to be manufactured every day and therespective quantities. As can be observed, 321 production is accommodated towards the minimization of cost. Table 8 gives the daily machine utilization time allocated to each product. Additionally, the total time that the machine is utilized every day (including the changeover times) is shown in the last row of the same table Table 1 Production sequence and machine speed Priority Product Machine speed (in ton) machine speed 1 2 3 4 PRODUCTION P Pasteurized milk Sterile milk Homogenized milk Coco milk U(j) 36 30 24 18 Table 2 Changeover costs (in â‚ ¬) PRODUCTION Changover costs 1 2 3 P Pasteurized milk Sterile milk Homogenized milk Sterile 130000 Homogenized 520000 520000 Coco 650000 650000 790000 Table 3 Change over times (in h) PRODUCTION Changover times 1 2 2 P Pasteurized milk Sterile milk Homogenized milk Sterile 0. 8 Homogenized 0. 3 0. 3 Coco 0. 4 0. 4 0. 5 Tale4 Maximum & minimum production on day(in ton). PRODUCTION Capacity of production 1 2 3 4 p Pasteurized milk Sterile milk Homogenized milk Coco milk  µ (j) 18 15 12 9 m(j) 288 240 192 144 Table 5 Production demand during the scheduling horizon (in ton) Production Daily demand Wednesday Thursday 150 150 100 60 28 19 15 sum 550 420 160 135 P Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Pasteurized milk 50 200 Sterile milk 27 150 83 Homogenized milk 20 25 53 43 Coco milk 42 20 30. Table 6 The calculated production schedule (in ton) Production Daily production Wednesday Thursday 150 18 100 15 14 28 sum 550 420 160 135 P Saturday Sunday monday tuesday Pasteurized milk 288 94 Sterile milk 72 150 83 Homogenized milk 20 12 12 12 Coco milk 42 56 Table7 Daily production time including setup times (in h) 322 Production Daily production time.rized milk Sterile milk Homogenized milk Coco milk Saturday 8 2. 4 0. 8 2. 3 Sunday 2. 6 0. 5 3. 1 Monday 5 0. 5 Tuesday 2. 8 0. 5 0. 5 Wednesday Thursday 4. 2 3. 3 1. 6 0. 5 0. 5 4. 3. Table 8 Inventory levels beyond the safety limits at the end of each day (in ton) inventory P Pasteurized milk Sterile milk Homogenized milk Coco milk saturday 238 72 Daily inventory sunday monday 94 tuesday Wednesday Thursday 104 56 In these charts both production times for the different products and changeover times between products can be observed. Finally, Table 8 provides full knowledge of the inventory profile throughout the scheduling horizon. 5. Conclusions. The problem of production scheduling for a milk productionline of a dairy industry was studied in this work. The specific restrictions of the milk production process were taken into consideration in the formulation of a production scheduling optimization problem. The problem contains only linear equalities and inequalities, so that the global optimum solution is reached in a very short time. Another important aspect is that the optimization criterion is not restricted to time consideration (i. e. production time or earliness/tardiness), but includes production sequence dependent costs, labor costs and inventory holding costs, in order to represent more realistically the production cost while achieving production goals. The model produces the complete production schedule for a selected future horizon, including the sequence of products that should be produced every day and the respective quantities and the inventory levels at the endof each day. Ultimately, a production planning system that would include all production lines in a plant, including raw material and inventory capacity considerations, would offer a complete scheduling tool for the dairy industry. FinanLP OPTIMUM FOUND AT STEP OBJECTIVE FUNCTION VALUE 1) 46920000 6. References 32 [1] Allahverdi, A. , Gupta, J. N. D. , & Aldowaisan, T. (1999). A review of scheduling research involving setup considerations. Omega, 27(2),219–239. [2] Nakhla, M. (1995).. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 15(8), 73–88. [3] Pinto, J. M., & Grossmann, I. E. (1998). Assignment and sequencing models for the scheduling of chemical processes. Annals of Operations Research, 81, 433–466. [4] Kohansal(2007),national congeress of food technology,1-5 [5] Reklaitis, G. V. (2000). Overview of planning and scheduling technologies. Latin American Applied Research, 30(4), 285–293. [6] Schuermann, A. C. , & Kannan, N. P. (1977). A production forecasting and planning system for dairy processing. Computers and Industrial Engineering, 2, 153–158. [7] Sullivan, S. , & Secrest, S. C. (1985). A simple optimization DSS for Interfaces, 15, 46–53. Philip DOGANIS(2007)journal of food engineering,445-453. 323.

Data Collection Method

the researcher used Quantitative data collection methods. Using qualitative data collection method, it rely on random sampling and structured data collection instruments that fit diverse experiences into predetermined response categories. They produce results that are easy to summarize, compare, and generalize. Quantitative research is concerned with testing hypotheses derived from theory and/or being able to estimate the size of a phenomenon of interest. Depending on the research question, participants may be randomly assigned to different treatments.If this is not feasible, the researcher may collect data on participant and situational characteristics in order to statistically control for their influence on the dependent, or outcome, variable. If the intent is to generalize from the research participants to a larger population, the researcher will employ probability sampling to select participants. From this research, the researcher used questionnaires and surveying technique in co llecting data. In the surveying techniques, it involves direct questioning of respondents about price.The researcher can choose whether to present the respondent with a range of possible prices, or force a response with no point of reference other than the concept and the question. While, for the questionnaires, researcher used the Web based questionnaire and structured questionnaire. By using web based questionnaire, it is the use of Internet based research. This would mean receiving an e-mail on which would click on an address that would take to a secure web-site to fill in a questionnaire. This type of research is often quicker and less detailed.People might be in a hurry to complete it and so might not give accurate responses. In this research ,researcher used of 2500 questionnaires mailed. While, for the Structured questionnaire, it is the structure of the individual questions requires respondents to qualify their price based on an implied assumption about quality. The structur e of the individual questions also was designed to capture consumers’ willingness to pay more for the five common wood products, given environmental certification.Respondents were given a non-certified price for each of the five products and asked to identify the price they were willing to pay for an environmentally certified product. DATA ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES Researcher have analyzed their data using data analysis techniques. Data analysis techniques that stated in this research includes, factor analysis, correlation, ANOVA, Chi Square, and descriptive statistics. Factor analysis( maximum likelihood with varimax rotation) was conducted on 20 items. This resulted in a reduction to five underlying factors.The factors were subjected to scale testing with resulting Cronbach alpas ranging from 0. 62 ( involvement in Certification) to 0. 90(importance of Certification). Correlation analysis . Correlation analysis is used by the researcher to test the relationship between factored. All hypothesized relationships were found to be significant and all but one was found to be directionally as hypothesized. Price was found to be positively correlated to consumer willingness to pay for certified wood products, the inference being that consumers perceive incremental value in certified products.ANOVA . Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a data analytic technique based on the idea of comparing explained variance with unexplained variance, kind of like a comparison of the coefficient of determination with the coefficient of alienation. It uses a rather unique computational formula which involves squaring almost every column of numbers. ANOVA techniques was used to test the hypotheses of no difference between the cluster means in this research. Chi square.In this research, researcher used chi square. A technique designed for less than interval level data is chi-square and the most common forms of it are the chi-square test for contingency and the chi-square test for indepen dence. The chi-square test for contingency is interpreted as a strength of association measure, while the chi-square test for independence (which requires two samples) is a nonparametric test of significance that essentially rules out as much sampling error and chance as possible.In this research it used chi square for the purpose of compared consumer segments on selected demographic characteristics. The consumer segments compared on selected demographic characteristics includes democrat, and environmental group member. Descriptive statistics. Descriptive statistic used in this research to measures of central tendency of mean. Examples include descriptive analysis of age, gender, education level, income level, republican , political view, democrat and environmental group member.

Battle of Chapultepec in the Mexican-American War

Battle of Chapultepec in the Mexican-American War The Battle of Chapultepec was fought September 12-13, 1847, during the Mexican-American War (1846-1848). With the start of the war in May 1846, American troops led by Major General Zachary Taylor scored quick victories at the Battles of Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma before crossing the Rio Grande to strike the fortress city of Monterrey. Assaulting Monterrey in September 1846, Taylor captured the city after a costly battle. After the Monterreys capitulation, he annoyed President James K. Polk when he gave the Mexicans an eight-week armistice and permitted Monterreys defeated garrison to go free.   With Taylor and his army holding Monterrey, debate commenced in Washington regarding American strategy moving forward. Following these conversations, it was decided that a campaign against the Mexican capital at Mexico City would be critical to winning the war. As a 500-mile march from Monterrey over difficult terrain was recognized as impractical, the decision was made to land an army on the coast near Veracruz and march inland. This choice made, Polk was next required to select a commander for the campaign. Scotts Army Though popular with his men, Taylor was an ardent Whig who had publicly criticized Polk on several occasions. Polk, a Democrat, would have preferred a member of his own party, but lacking a qualified candidate, he chose Major General Winfield Scott.   A Whig, Scott was seen as posing less of a political threat. To create Scotts army, the bulk of Taylors veteran units were directed to the coast. Left south of Monterrey with a small force, Taylor successfully defeated a much larger Mexican force at the Battle of Buena Vista in February 1847. Landing near Veracruz in March 1847, Scott captured the city and began marching inland. Routing the Mexicans at Cerro Gordo the following month, he drove towards Mexico City winning battles at Contreras and Churubusco in the process. Nearing the edge of the city, Scott attacked the Molino del Rey (Kings Mills) on September 8, 1847, believing there to be a cannon foundry there. After hours of heavy fighting, he captured the mills and destroyed the foundry equipment. The battle was one of the bloodiest of conflict with the Americans suffering 780 killed and wounded and the Mexicans 2,200. Next Steps Having taken Molino del Rey, American forces had effectively cleared many of the Mexican defenses on the western side of the city with the exception of Chapultepec Castle. Situated atop a 200-foot hill, the castle was a strong position and served as the Mexican Military Academy. It was garrisoned by fewer than 1,000 men, including the corps of cadets, led by General Nicols Bravo. While a formidable position, the castle could be approached via a long slope from Molino del Rey. Debating his course of action, Scott called a council of war to discuss the armys next steps. Meeting with his officers, Scott favored assaulting the castle and moving against the city from the west. This was initially resisted as the majority of those present, including Major Robert E. Lee, desired to attack from the south. In the course of the debate, Captain Pierre G.T. Beauregard offered an eloquent argument in favor of the western approach which swung many of the officers into Scotts camp. The decision made, Scott began planning for the assault on the castle. For the attack, he intended to strike from two directions with one column approaching from the west while the other struck from the southeast. Armies Commanders United States Major General Winfield Scott7,180 men Mexico General Antonio Lopez de Santa AnnaGeneral Nicholas Bravoaround 1,000 men near Chapultepec The Assault At dawn on September 12, American artillery began firing on the castle. Firing through the day, it halted at nightfall only to resume the next morning. At 8:00 AM, Scott ordered the firing to stop and directed the attack to move forward. Advancing east from Molino del Rey, Major General Gideon Pillows division pushed up the slope spearheaded by an advance party led by Captain Samuel Mackenzie. Advancing north from Tacubaya, Major General John Quitmans division moved against Chapultepec with Captain Silas Casey leading the advance party. Pushing up the slope, Pillows advance successfully reached the walls of the castle but soon stalled as Mackenzies men had to wait for the storming ladders to be brought forward. To the southeast, Quitmans division encountered a dug-in Mexican brigade at the intersection with the road leading east into the city. Ordering Major General Persifor Smith to swing his brigade east around the Mexican line, he directed Brigadier General James Shields to take his brigade northwest against Chapultepec. Reaching the base of the walls, Caseys men also had to wait for ladders to arrive. Ladders soon arrived on both fronts in large numbers allowing the Americans to storm over the walls and into the castle. The first over the top was Lieutenant George Pickett. Though his men mounted a spirited defense, Bravo was soon overwhelmed as the enemy attacked on both fronts. Pressing the assault, Shields was severely wounded, but his men succeeded in pulling down the Mexican flag and replacing it with the American flag. Seeing little choice, Bravo ordered his men to retreat back to the city but was captured before he could join them (Map). Exploiting the Success Arriving on the scene, Scott moved to exploit the capture of Chapultepec. Ordering Major General William Worths division forward, Scott directed it and elements of Pillows division to move north along the La Verà ³nica Causeway then east to assault the San Cosmà © Gate. As these men moved out, Quitman re-formed his command and was tasked with moving east down the Belà ©n Causeway to conduct a secondary attack against the Belà ©n Gate. Pursuing the retreating Chapultepec garrison, Quitmans men soon encountered Mexican defenders under General Andrà ©s Terrà ©s. Using a stone aqueduct for cover, Quitmans men slowly drove the Mexicans back to the Belà ©n Gate. Under heavy pressure, the Mexicans began to flee and Quitmans men breached the gate around 1:20 PM. Guided by Lee, Worths men did not reach the intersection of the La Verà ³nica and San Cosmà © Causeways until 4:00 PM. Beating back a counterattack by Mexican cavalry, they pushed towards the San Cosmà © Gate but took heavy losses from the Mexican defenders. Fighting up the causeway, American troops knocked holes in the walls between buildings to advance while avoiding Mexican fire. To cover the advance, Lieutenant Ulysses S. Grant hoisted a howitzer to the bell tower of the San Cosmà © church and began firing on the Mexicans. This approach was repeated to the north by US Navy Lieutenant Raphael Semmes. The tide turned when Captain George Terrett and a group of US Marines were able to attack the Mexican defenders from the rear. Pushing forward, Worth secured the gate around 6:00 PM. Aftermath In the course of the fighting at the Battle of Chapultepec, Scott suffered around 860 casualties while Mexican losses are estimated at around 1,800 with an additional 823 captured. With the citys defenses breached, Mexican commander General Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna elected to abandon the capital that night. The following morning, American forces entered the city. Though Santa Anna conducted a failed siege of Puebla shortly thereafter, large-scale fighting effectively ended with Mexico Citys fall. Entering into negotiations, the conflict was ended by the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in early 1848. The active participation in the fighting by the US Marine Corps led to the opening line of the Marines Hymn, From the Halls of Montezuma...

Amelia Earhart and Sally Ride essays

Amelia Earhart and Sally Ride essays Amelia Earhart and Sally Ride each achieved major goals in fields that were traditionally reserved for men. Amelia Earhart became the first woman in history to make a solo transcontinental flight in 1928 and Sally Ride became the first woman in space in 1983. After achieving these goals, they each spoke to girls and women. They encouraged them not to feel restricted by what society expected of them as women. Amelia Mary Earhart was born on July 24, 1897, in Atchison, Kansas. Her parents' names were Edwin and Amy and she had a sister named Muriel. Amelia was a tomboy when she was young. She loved playing outdoors. She was also interested in stories of women who combined marriage and career, which was a rare occurrence at that time. During World War One, at the age of 20, Amelia served in a Voluntary Aid Detachment. She loved flying, but wartime restrictions prevented her from going up in the air. Amelia knew that her goal in life was to become a pilot. She chose a woman, Neta Snook, to teach her to fly. Amelia felt that she would be less self-conscious learning from a woman. She bought her own plane. In 1928, Amelia rode on a transcontinental airplane flight. The flight made her the first woman to cross the Atlantic Ocean by air. In 1931, Amelia married George Palmer Putnam. He was a publisher who promoted Amelia's flights. Amelia became the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean on her own in 1932. The transatlantic flight marked the high point in Amelia's accomplishments because it was a great step forward for women. Margaret Dreier Robins of the Women's Trade Union League said, "Is it not in us in America to think that if one of us does something we can do it also?". From 1928 to 1937, Amelia promoted aviation to women. She believed that women could play an important role in the promotion of flying, and if they were uncooperative they could hold back its promising future. Although she had already set records i...

Evaluation essay of movie home alone Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Evaluation of movie home alone - Essay Example The Christmas mood begins with background music that reflects Christmas songs. Viewers therefore get a belief that that is where most focus of the movie will lie. However, a great suspense develops early in the movie when Kevin’s parents leave for Paris without him. More characters appear in the film when the parents of Kevin leave for Paris. Close ups are used to introduce the characters while mid shots are employed during conversations. A selection of natural dress code shows a normal family image, for instance the appearance of the mother of Kevin in a long dress shows that she is an elderly mother. The suburb Chicago shows that Kevin is from a rich family and the lighting further emphasizes the festive season. The acting was well done. The main actors are Macaulay Culkin, who plays the role of eight-year boy called Kevin and two burglars, Daniel Stern and Joe Pesci. In addition, the actors mind their language. This has made the suitable for all family viewing. The movie commences with Kevin’s family giving an impression of them as the main characters with Kevin as the protagonist because he is an only child. Even so, the story develops quickly with Kevin as the main character and more characters appear. Culkin had many scenes to play, which he did well. His high level of confidence and self-esteem is also a contributing factor to success of the story. The woman playing the role of Kevin’s mother uses little makeup. For that reason, she appears more mature with a motherly figure. This is further emphasized by her dressing code. The story line of the movie is just amazing. There is a striking balance between religion, family life and just some stupid ideas that bring out the comic feel of the movie. The family life is clear at the beginning of the movie when Kevin and the parents chat happily. Towards the end of the movie, there is an expression of socialization. This happens when

Downsizing and Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Downsizing and Globalization - Essay Example This paper presents a critique of the globalization and downsizing, and the reasons why organizations engage in these strategies. Downsizing Strategy Downsizing is a management strategy that involves reduction of an organization’s labor force as a result of corporate restructuring that is focused on maintaining competency in a highly competitive environment. Mergers and acquisitions are among the significant drivers for downsizing. For instance, the acquisition of PeopleSoft by Oracle led to a reduction in the number of employees by 5,000 in a bid to increase efficiency in the new organization. PeopleSoft’s revenue had been declining as a result of the economic crises that significantly affected the profitability of UK firms in 2007 (Blackburn, 1999). However, mergers and acquisitions may necessitate downsizing due to duplication of roles among employees from the merging organizations. The dominant organization tends to retain a greater share of its human resources whil e selecting few employees from the other organization, mainly those with specialized skills that may help in maintaining competitiveness (Kothen et al. 1999). Revenue management is focused on maintaining high revenue while keeping costs at the lowest level possible. Downsizing is among the key strategies for revenue management since organizations find it easy to reduce the workforce and utilize the remaining employees maximally. The operating environment is under constant changes that may affect an organization’s profitability if drastic measures are not undertaken. For example, globalization of industries has increased competition as foreign firms establish subsidiaries globally. Local industries in the global economies are faced with challenges with regards to product quality and production costs. For example, Spar (2003) observes that the cost of labor in China is low compared to some developed economies such as US and the UK. Foreign companies have therefore established s ubsidiaries in China where they produce at lower costs and then sell their products to other economies where the cost of labor is high. This trend has significantly affected industries operating in such economies since they have to minimize spending on labor to effectively compete with organizations that have taken advantage of the Chinese labor market. They have been compelled to lay off workers as well as calling for early retirement (McCann et al. 2008). Technological advancements have significantly influenced the need for organizations to downsize. Organizations engage in innovations to maximize production and increase efficiency. However, some innovations reduce labor-intensive work thereby reducing the need for workers. For example automation of processes increases speed and efficiency in production compared to human labor. Moreover, the recurrent expenditures of maintaining human resources are avoided since the machines require an initial capital outlay and occasional mainten ance. Many organizations globally downsized after introducing computers in their processes. This was a significant development that increased efficiency and accuracy in record keeping as well as service delivery to customers (Froud et al. 2000). Efficiency improvement involves reduction of the excess workers that perform tasks which have little contribution to the organization’