Computer-aided image processing for bacterial cell enumeration Essay

Computer-aided image processing for bacterial cell enumeration - Essay Example There appear several inhibitors in the way of counting colonies to ensure effectiveness of the method. The inhibitors include; methods of handling confluent development of the development of colonies that lean or overlaps other colonies, the methods of differentiating colonies regardless of the different form, volume, their feel, light intensity amongst other factors (Daims, 2007) The methods ensure accuracy in counting. A devise termed as a colony counter assists in including colonies in bacteria and varied microorganisms thriving in an algae plate. The method applied in overcoming the hindrances includes thresholding, segmentation methods, time domain frequency method, watersheding method, edge detection and morphology operator methods, regional descriptors amongst others. These methods emit a heightened level of accurateness. The projected counter proves highly reliable at both levels of correctness and memory; it also proves flexible and efficient in terms of effort and time savi ng (National Renewable Energy Laboratory (U.S.) and United States, 2006) Keywords Some of the key words in the study includes Bacteria colony, thresholding, morphology, water shedding. Introduction Bacteria colony counting appears vital in quantitative, accurate judgment of pathogens in clinical investigations and diagnosis. The manual process of counting bacteria appears challenging. The use of an automated colony counting helps in saving time and reduces labor requirements. In a bid to create fast and accurate information, and cut down the use of labor workload, two colony counting techniques come in play. The techniques might apply the use of direct and indirect process of counting the colonies. The tradition plate count technique pauses as an indirect technique and often preferred for its cheap nature. Technologies applied for quantification of microbial growth involves: ATP Bioluminescence, spiral plating, the use of membrane filtration, Direct Epi-Florescent Filter Microscopy and Membrane laser scanning, Fluorescence amongst others. Various hindrances require addressing for the techniques that count the present colonies. The techniques supply a heightened degree of correctness in counting that could be attained by applying the use of a trained hand on operator. The machine technique; allows the Bacteria to grow on a filter within a period of 24to 48 hours to examine the contamination level of the sample (Mittal and Matsko, 2012).   The microbiologists’ uses dye to identify the bacteria clearly and ease the counting process. In an industry setting, thousands of such samples appear per day; the colonies on each side remain counted manually. This consumes a lot of time and increases the chances of errors. The aim of the project remains to create software that saves time and produces the exact outcomes and ensures competence to customers. The project extension designs allows for colonies counting for a period of 6 to 8 hours before, which saves time . The paper seems to differentiate the processing of colony figures with colored data; the filter method applies to deionize (Masters, 2006).   Bacteria Bacteria pause as nuclear microorganisms; that thrives in various surfaces of the earth. Bacteriology, the study of bacteria, is a branch in micro biology. Bacteria can grow anywhere on the face of the earth, in soil, acid hot springs amongst other places. Grouped bacteria originate from one common bacterium. A bacteria cell

Management, Work and Society People,Management and Business Essay

Management, Work and Society People,Management and Business - Essay Example However, the general trend today, particularly in the UK, is the increasing participation of women in the labour force and their increasing importance in organisations (Bonney 2007). The growing participation of women in the labour market has called forth the connection between the domestic domain and paid employment. There has been growing attention on the work-life balance, according to Charles and Harris (2007), specifically, in making sure that the requirements of paid employment do not negatively affect family life and domestic responsibility, and vice versa. The objective of this essay is to discuss gendered employment in the UK. The discussion will include essential components such as proportion work, horizontal segregation, vertical segregation, Equal Pay, arguments for and against a gendered policy in the UK, etc. This essay will be founded on the assumption that â€Å"management and managing are characteristically gendered in many respects† (Broadbridge & Hearn 2008) . ... The projected segmentation of new batches of members and well-publicised commentaries will contribute to the preservation of the profile (Vosko, MacDonald & Campbell 2009). Majority of organisations in the UK have preferred female managers as their ‘indicator’ jobs to evaluate the influences of their behaviours and to assess progress towards the objectives they have formed (Geyer, Mackintosh & Lehmann 2005). Several member organisations have made use of the programme to refocus or re-introduce their tasks regarding the development of women. Others have made use of it to initiate such processes (Geyer et al. 2005). In all of them, the programme’s focus on involvement of the board, line managers, and HRM managers has implied that women’s welfare is being taken into account, usually for the first time at the utmost degree (Lewis 2009). Almost every member of Opportunity 2000, consisting of those who are condensing personnel, can generate proof of enhanced adap tability, improved accessibility of training and development, and evaluation if not concrete provision of assistance with various types of care (Lewis 2009). Evidence from earlier studies showed that women in the UK had less commitment to work compared to men even in the 1980s (Perrons, Fagan, McDowell, Ray & Ward 2006). Nevertheless, by the 1990s, a significant transformation had occurred in women’s dedication to employment (Crompton et al. 2007). Furthermore, women are spending longer hours at work, even though men are working longer hours than them. Even though the working hours of men have actually dropped to some extent, this has been compensated by an increase in women’s working hours, and as more women enter the

Accounting Standards Boards Essay Example for Free

Accounting Standards Boards Essay Increased globalization in the business world has brought to fore some of the issues and challenges that multinational businesses face in financial recording and reporting of foreign based operations. With operations based in different countries that operate under different accounting principles and with varying currencies, there has been a need for the accounting principles and standards to be converged. This has in the past nine years seen the accounting policy making suggesting a complete overhaul in the way financial statements are reported and a convergence between the USs generally accepted accounting principles (US GAAP) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). This has been through various meetings between the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), two boards which determine these accounting standards. This paper therefore evaluates the history of the two boards and their relationship and looks at IASB equivalents to FASB original pronouncements. It also describes how a Master of Science in Accounting would prepare a student for an accounting profession. History of the Relationship between FASB and IASB US Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) is a board which is responsible for setting and improving financial accounting standards in the US and for governing and fostering preparation of financial reports by non-governmental organizations (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 2012).International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) on the other hand is also an independent board responsible for setting international financial reporting standards (IFRS Foundation, 2011). Whereas IASB and IFRS takes a principle based approach to accounting standards setting, FASBS GAAP does this through pronouncements which are based or rules. They both put a lot of emphasis on income statements, balance sheet, statements of changes in equity and cash flow statements as key reports that are important in financial reporting. Over the past decade these two boards which determine the accounting standards in the world have been working towards ensuring that the financial reporting all over the world converges. The convergence concept first took root in the 1950s in response to the cross border capital inflows that were as a result of the economic integration after world war two. These efforts initially focused on reducing difference in accounting principles between major capital markets globally otherwise referred to as harmonization of the accounting principles. By 1990s the concept had changed into convergence which sought to build high quality financial reporting standards to be applied internationally (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 2012a). Both developed in the 1970s, FASB and IASC (international Accounting Standards Committee) a predecessor to IASB, set a trend for expanding international accounting standards and with the reorganization of IASC into IASB in 2001, the use of IFRS among various countries has progressed rapidly. For instance, over 100 countries and the European Union use these standards issued by IASB. The U.S. mainly uses its own issued US GAAP (Progress Report, 2011; Cain, 2008). IASB and FASB have been working together towards converging the IFRS and the US GAAP since 2002. Even China and Japan have been working to bring together their accounting standards with IFRS as at 2009. Over the past decade the pace of convergence has been very fast with the internationalization of standards growing rapidly. In 2010, Securities and Exchange Commission in the US issues a report supporting the convergence of these standards through incorporation of the IFRS in the US financial system (Financial Accounting Standards Board, 2012a). This implies that the US has been increasing exploring adopting IASBs IFRSs, although there have been issues such as the fair value issues in IFRS and the cost of implementation that have slowed the progress. The IASB equivalents of the FASB original pronouncements As noted above, IASBs IFRS takes a principle based approach to accounting standard setting as compared to FASBs pronouncements which are viewed to be much stricter. In essence therefore, though IASB and FASB may address similar accounting concepts their approach to it may be different. It is these IASBs equivalents to FASBs pronouncements that bring the differences between GAAP and IFRS standards. Evaluating the FASBs original pronouncements and IASB, the manner in which accounting concepts are approached can be noted. These are: whereas IASBs IFRS requires that inventory costs of spoilage and idle capacity be excluded from the cost of inventory, FASBs GAAP does not; IFRS requires yearly comparison of financial statements unlike US GAAP which only views comparisons as desirable but require three year comparisons; IFRS permits but does not require reporting of comprehensive income unlike US GAAP which requires it; IFRS classifies liabilities as non-current if refinancing is complete before the date of the balance sheet unlike GAAP which classifies it as so, if refinancing is completed before the financial statements are issued; and prohibition of extraordinary items from the financial reports by IFRS unlike GAAP which permits but to a restricted items which affect profit and loss (Deloitte, 2004; FASB Report, 2002). Other accounting concepts that differ between IASB and FASBs original pronouncements are that IFRS requires that LIFO method of determining inventory cost be prohibited in IAS 2, unlike US GAAP which permits LIFO in SFAS 151, and that IFRS requires reversal of inventory write downs if given criteria are met unlike US GAAP which prohibits it. In addition FASB permits that inventory at net value be measured even if it is above cost unlike IFRS which restricts this to producers and broker-dealers inventories. FASB classifies the interest received and paid as operating activity in the cash flow statement unlike IASB which may classify it as financing, investing or operating activity. This leaves room for a number of interpretations. Furthermore, though FASB excludes overdrafts from cash, IASB includes it if it forms a critical and integral part of an organizations cash base or cash management (Deloitte, 2004; FASB Report, 2002). Other IASB equivalents to FASB pronouncements are enumerated as shown below (Deloitte, 2004; FASB Report, 2002): -IFRS restates previous financial statements in the event of non-mandated changes in accounting policy, unlike FASB which includes cumulative effects current financial statements net loss and profits -IASB uses change in estimated method to evaluate changes in depreciation of assets, unlike FASB which used change in accounting policy that is the net profit or loss cumulative effect. -IASB uses cost recovery method for construction contracts when the completed percentage cannot be determined for sure unlike the USA GAAP which uses completed contract method -IASB does not recognize deferred tax due to the an asset or liability tr ansaction that doesnt affect accounting or taxable profit and is not a business combination in IAS 12 unlike the US GAAP recognizes this these through its lack of initial recognition exemption as addressed in SFAS 109. -US GAAP has special exemptions due to the provision of deferred tax such as leveraged leasing, intangible developments in the gas and oil industry and undistributed earnings -IASB uses a tax rate that is substantially enacted to measure deferred tax liabilities and assets, which can be left to a lot of interpretations, unlike FASBs enacted tax rate which is sure and consistent -IASB uses rate applicable to undistributed earnings of an organization to measure the deferred tax on those earnings , unlike FASB which uses the higher of the tax rate between the one applicable to undistributed profits and the one applicable to distributed profits as addressed in SFAS 109 -IASB recognizes expense for share-based payment based on fair value of the payment whereas FASB recognizes this based on intrinsic value at grant date -IASB measures business combinations on the date of the acquisition whereas FASB does this on the date of consummation or closing date -IASB requires that recognizing a liability prior to acquisition restructuring be only if the one being acquired recognizes it under IAS 37, this is unlike FASB which recognizes it if the acquisition has already began -IASB recognizes in process RD as an intangible finite asset or good will, unlike FASB which recognizes it as expense How MSA Program prepares student for professional Accounting A Master of Science in accounting program is very important for anyone who intends to pursue an accounting career in the future. This program prepares a student by providing knowledge on the various accounting principles that need be applied in accounting profession. It also makes a student be aware of the various accounting standards that are existing in the world, how each differ, and how accounting records and done in each. In addition such a program provides analytical and critical thinking abilities. In addition, it offers a global perspective on accounting practices and business issues and provides a framework for effective development for team building and leadership skills, and ethical decision making in business. Lastly it will enhance interpersonal and communications skills through interactions which seek to learn ways of solving problems and issues in the accounting and finance realm. All these are critical for a career as an accountant. Conclusion This paper has discussed the history of the FASB and IASB boards and their relationship and has looked at IASB equivalents to FASB original pronouncements. It has shown that standardized management accounting and controlling concepts that transcend national boundaries are increasingly needed with concern on the need of an internationalized Accounting and financial reporting standard to help in comparing of financial statements of countries from different countries and also to make it efficient and less costly for multinational companies when they are conducting financial reporting of their performance. IASB and FASB have made tremendous progress thus fur in their bid to converge the global accounting standards.

Refugee And Immigrant Children In Canada Social Work Essay

Refugee And Immigrant Children In Canada Social Work Essay Refugee and immigrant children and youth along with their families comprise the majority of Canadian society. Refugees and immigrants are the mosaic face of present day society. We as citizens have witnessed the process newcomers experience in order to receive their Canadian status. As we are aware of the possible complications that can arise both the Rossiter and Rossiter (2009) article along with Fantino and Colak (2001) article shed an interesting light on migration. These articles discuss how youth challenge these barriers to gain identity in the new society, how issues arise between their inner self and society and also how society can contribute to migration complications. The articles also review how society can be seen to have a positive impact to their experience during migration and adaptation. Both articles assume a similar theme when discussing the challenges/troubles these youth and children encounter during their acculturation period. Summary of articles:     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Diamonds in the Rough: Bridging gaps in support for at-risk immigrant and refugee youth summarized the troubles both within the individual and society that is creating a gap within the youth. The gap between individual and society is brought to point in this article as creating a behavior in the youth to engage in high-risk criminal behaviors. Rossiter and Rossiter (2009) focus on the risk and protective factors that are perceived by key stakeholders to influence at-risk immigrant youth who eventually become involved in crime, gangs and violence in Edmonton, Canada (Pg. 2).   Rossiter and Rossiter (2009) organize their article on the view of immigrant and refugee youth behavior by discussing immigrants and crime, bringing upon a theoretical background focused on Maslows theory and how Maslows Hierarchy of need provide insight as to how inner fulfillment discourages negative actions/thoughts/behaviors.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rossiter and Rossiter (2009) review a study that was conducted in order to attain a deeper perspective of the migrating youth into Canadian society; they discuss the risk factors both in the community setting and within the individual. These studies first discussed negative factors affecting the youth and positive factors assisting the youth to not fall into criminal behavior. Lastly, both authors discuss a solution that I would like to classify it in order to understand these gap and misinterpretation between a trouble both within and outside the youth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rossiter and Rossiter (2009) state that youth who migrate to Canada with their family are faced with issues from back home, such as pre-migration violence and trauma were reported to be predisposing risk factors for youth involvement in violent and criminal activity in Canada: many youth from refugee camps have witnessed or experienced violence (e.g. rape, murder, and torture) and suffer from depression, nightmares, flashbacks and or disturbed sleep patterns (Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p. 9). A youth arriving in a country that has already developed their own culture and unique mother of tongue can further create a bigger barrier for the youth in terms of acclimating to this new society, their new home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social services representative discuss the complications of integration that can cause stress or anxiety-all their symptoms basically prevent them from learning and adapting (As cited by Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p.9). These youth experience pressure to fit in when it comes to the school system. They are encountered with peer pressure or alienation (Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p.9) as association with antisocial peers, however, can lead to violent altercations and crime (Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p.9). Education was one area where it was classified as a positive impact encouraging youth to act in a positive manner (Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p.4).   Due to the alienation that youth experience due to the want of fitting in within their peers, criminal justice representative said education was seen as extremely important for immigrant and refugee youth: Not having [education] is whats creating the push in the other direction, and having it is what would save them (As cited by Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p. 13). Creating these barriers furthermore sets this youth to drop out and as a school is seen as a recruitment into drug-related crimes (Pg.10). While seeing the complications that the lack of education can cause we can acknowledge the importance of school and education towards the future of the youth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rossiter and Rossiter (2009) discuss how youth first entering Canada with their families are seen to be lead by the government into subsidized housing (p.11) due to their lack of finances thus, these youth may not have the same economic standing as their peers. This makes the youth feel uncomfortable leading to the youth having to deal with an inner struggle between wants and needs (Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p. 9). The authors made it clear that contributing factors such as: family support and stability, socio-economic status, physical and mental health, age of arrival, language proficiency, interpersonal skills social networks, personal resilience, employment opportunities and housing and neighborhood, among others (Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p. 4) are seen as a pushing negative factor and also a helpful positive factor for the youth to get out of troubles in the criminal system. The authors prescribe mentorship and s chool activities to assist these youth out of the negative criminal behavior (Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p. 13-14). They discuss how teachers are often unaware of the challenges faced by immigrant and refugee students, and the education system itself is ill prepared to meet their complex needs. Isolation and a lack of social support at school and in the wider community mean that immigrant and refugee youth may be left with few options, and antisocial peers involved in drugs, crime and gangs may be perceived as attractive alternatives (Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p.16). Family and community support along with Maslows hierarchy of needs should be in place in order to assist these youth.   Families seen to be living in poverty are often unable to meet the physiological and safety needs of their children; at-risk youth who go to school without breakfast or lunch and live in subsidized housing may be especially vulnerable. Youth who lack close relationships to family, school and com munity or who suffer from feelings of inadequacy or failure are easy targets for gangs who promise to fulfill their needs for belonging and self-esteem. (Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p.16). The authors review the negative and positive influences that contribute to the idea of where funding should be focused. The authors provide the reader with a qualitative research method to get a better understanding by talking to adults who experienced youth criminal activities due to the barriers put forth. It is also important to note that the authors touched upon the lack of statistical research that is brought forth to the public that shows if immigrant and refugee youth are the only ones big in numbers in the jail system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Refugee children in Canada: searching for an identity written by Fantino and Colak (2001) provide an overview of migration issues that arise and the troubles that these children are faced with pre and post arrival into Canada. Fantino and Colak (2001) discuss how the children migrating with their families bring with them issues that they face while coming to a new country as a refugee trauma from witnessing violent crimes, language difficulties, family disruption, and adjustment to a different culture-in addition to the challenges that accompany childhood and growing up (p. 587). Fantino and Colak (2001) draw comparison between immigrant children versus a refugee child. They both write how both classes deal with migration and endure the push-and-pull forces of home and school, which often work in opposite directions (p.589). As we are taught to believe that immigrants face less barriers due to their receipt of citizenship F antino and Colak do not fail to portray the similarities of both groups.   Both may encounter societys discrimination and racism, and developing a sense of identity-while trying to bridge generational and cultural gaps (Fantino and Colak 2001, p.589). Perhaps the greatest threat to these children is not the stress of belonging to two cultures but the stress of belonging to none (p.589.) If these children receive a sense of belonging this can open up and increase their self-esteem and further avoid future barriers and inner fights within the child.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One specific concentration that Fantino and Colak (2001) bring forth is the desire for children in the school setting to be accepted by their peer group, be seen as a dependent and a master by interpreting for their parents (Fantino and Colak, 2001, p.589) these factors can contribute to the sense of belonging discussed earlier. These children are in essence parentified as they face the pressure of interpreting for their parents (p. 589).   This pressure can have a dramatic effect on the child as they are given adult responsibility in settings they are not familiar with. Fantino and Colak (2001) wonder if children really do adapt better to society (p.591). They discuss the trouble of parents with the lack of communication they have with their children (p.590). Fantino and Colak refer to these refugee children as children without history (p. 594). Both authors bring forth ideas of the host country providing a positive act in order to make integration as a positive role for the child and family.   One key factor in determining success is the reception of newcomers by the host society (p.589). Task force on mental healthi issues affecting immigrants and refugees (1998) writes that settlement support services, schools, health and social services and the community at large play a crucial role in assisting and supporting children to adjust and integrate into Canadian society (As cited by Fantino and Colak, 2001, p. 589). Fantino and Colak (2001) believe that in order for successful integration we must not ignore the parents who might also be facing trauma prior to arrival. They state that their challenge is to meaningfully integrate their history with the present and future realities of Canada (Fantino and Colak, 2001, p.595) it is only until we as Canadians work as a team to provide a safe haven for newcomers where we can assist and cater to their needs to provide them with adequate housing and support systems. As Fantino and Colak discuss migration trouble pre and post migration both authors do not fail to give Canadians a role on easy adaptation and this sense of guidance makes the struggle of migration as a societal problem and not solely a problem just with the migrating child with their family     Analytic discussion:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both readings discuss the resolutions and the causes of what a child and youth experience as they migrate to a new country. The identified theme of the harm of migration to the individual at hand arises concerns and a deep look at why changes should be in place to assist the migrating newcomers. By looking deeply at the barriers/causes placed by society we will gain insight on understanding why. Both articles gather information by using a qualitative research method that asks children and adults who were deviant youth in the past about problems faced by both immigrant and refugee children and youth; both articles looked at the trouble faced within the individual and the trouble put on by society. Both articles answer questions of why and how these issues arise, both articles discuss solutions and the lack of statistics that would help to really understand the criminal system in regards to over population of immigrant and re fugees in the institution. As both articles take on such approaches to understanding migration and the effect it has on children regarding identity and youth portraying criminal behavior I will provide an analytic discussion in regard to the theme of troubles of migration faced by the immigrant and refugee child and youth. By discussing how the comparison of both articles both discussed the lack of identity the youth and child face, both articles discussed support systems, whether it was lacking or being seen as a great contributor for successful migration, education as a primary target for success in the individual and lastly community assistance that the host community must act upon. As all articles discuss the implication pre and post the childs and youths migration I still believe that further questions need to be asked in order to get a more holistic and complete view of migration difficulties and criminal behavior that the child and youth experience.   Who is a refugee or immigrant youth or child when they come to Canada? It is to this thought that we can look at the identity of these young adults and children being challenged when entering a new country such as Canada. We are taught through both articles that when an individual such as a youth and child enter Canada we must realize the issues they have faced at home that might of led them to migrate: trauma from witnessing violent crimes, language difficulties, family disruption, and adjustment to a different culture-in addition to the challenges that accompany childhood and growing up (Fantino and Colak, 2001, p. 587). When one reads such statements I cant help but ask why arent these individuals dealing with the issues back home? Could it be that the government can no longer be trusted? Why migrate? Is Canada being portrayed to other countries as a loving, welcoming country? If so, we must change this. Canada being classified as a harmonious country or not has issues of its own. We are dealing with employment difficulties, high taxes, and are still involved in a war where other cultures are still being seen as a threat. Are we setting up this migrating youth with unrealistic expectations of Canada? Is this our fault as Canadians that we are simply setting up a trap for this migrating victims to have a difficult life in Canada?  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The issues back home which may have pushed their migration to Canada is not the only issue that these age groups experience. They also witness and experience issues in their new land, and this act should simply put the blame on us, on Canadians.  Support system in the school setting is seen to be lacked and to be a great contributor to be the line of helping the youth and child to avoid criminal behavior. The development of positive relationships with caring adults in the school setting, such as ESL or mainstream teachers, counselors and school resources officers, was also considered to be a protective factor. In some schools, member of ethno-cultural communities offer approved courses designed to help students develop identity and intercultural competence (Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p. 14).   After school programs where the student can receive assistance in studies or being involved in recreational activities can provide an outlet for the student to develop an identity by taking interest in other activities and also assisting with developing relationship with other students or guides. This not only provides them with a family setting in the school atmosphere but also an family unit when parents struggle to understand the school setting or simply when parents do not have much involvement with their children due to work or emotional difficulties. Dedicated workers such as these are helping youth exit gangs, offering them opportunities for success and keeping others from becoming involved with drugs and crime (Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p. 14) As this form of assistance provides the assistance of the host community it shows how we can contribute positively to the outcome of the future of the new generation. As this is so, we must be aware of the access these children a nd youth have to schooling. Funding is needed for better schooling not only for these newcomers but also for youth all around. In Canada the cost to incarcerate a youth for 1 year is approximately $100,000 (Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p.3), and sending your child to school has no cost then leaves the question of why spend so much in incarcerating youth involved in criminal activity when such money can go into schooling where programs can arise from? As we should be addressing the crime taken in each community (Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p. 3) we know that education can be seen as a way out for these youth to avoid them from falling into a trap of gang involvement and provide these children with a sense of identity and skills this is an investment that will not only help the migrating newcomer individual but where society would also benefit from. Derwing et al. (1999) and Watt and Roessingh (1994,2001) state that studies of school dropout rates of immigrant youth have indicated th at 46-74% of immigrant youth whose native language is not English fail to complete high school (As cited by Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p. 4) doesnt society see the need for funding?   Community assistance needs to be put in force in order for these youth and children to experience an easy adaptation to Canadian society. Communities provide a learning experience by comforting the individual and providing an exit from any future criminal activity that might come through the youths and childs life. These could be centralized in a love reception center, with ongoing follow-up and support in school and community setting (Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p.17.) Providing these follow-ups with children, youth and their families will give these newcomers being a immigrant or refugee a voice and provide a further perspective of changes and improvements that could be more active.   Social services assistance: including language translation services; help in location permanent housing and accessing English language classes; a community orientation; referrals to health and social services; including professional counseling services; and other services as needed (Fantino and Col ak, 2001, p. 590). Such services can also be seen to benefit the family unit as a whole as it is helping all members of the family to access and be aware of the services provided by the host community, and can also be seen as a contributor in helping family bonds strengthening when migration can be viewed as a challenging phase for the family. Permanent housing should include specifications and be geographically located where criminal behavior is not the face of that community. Peer ambassador programmers that carefully match newcomers with more established immigrants from the same culture can also be very helpful (Fantino and Colak, 2001, p.590) If newcomers encounter other newcomers they will feel a sense of   hope as they will see that their present challenges were possible to be overcome; this will provide the recent newcomer with a sense that they can do it. We can make a change, so why in a country where 11.2% of the total population of 31 million identify themselves as members of a visible minority (Fantino and Colak 2001, p.588) are being faced with such troubles? In a country where employment is seen as hard to get regarding youth employment why are we not addressing this problem? We realize that the Canadian Baby Boomers are affecting work labor in the present society (Foot, 1998, 82) so how can we assist these youth to find a job when the baby boomers are occupying the majority of the labor market? Do we need more jobs specifically targeted to this population? Why are we still letting in refugee and immigrant families when we can barely assist those already in Canada? Why is Canada still setting up a trap for these newcomers? As I agree with the standings and arguments/solutions that both articles make, I do believe that more questions need to be asked, mostly questions regarding Canada and why Canada is still letting this happen. Heller (1995) along with Jiwani (2002) and Roberts (2002) state that ethnic minorities and those with English or French language difficulties, are disproportionately represented in the Canadian criminal justice system (as cited by Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p. 2) and Canadas lack of providing statistics related to race and ethnicity can further show that numbers need to be put into place in order to understand migration issues and complication. Without numbers can it be fair to say that Canada is contributing to the problem? Without numbers can Canada take a position and assist solely on word of mouth? Providing this overview can be frustrating to understand how to tackle such an issue of migration, but I do believe that in order for us to understand, numbers that are lacked in the prison system if minorities really do make up the population in the jail system needs to be placed. Rossiter and Rossiter state that such a study might increase discrimination towards these individuals (Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p.3) but how can we help a group without knowing statistics? Since Rossiter and Rossiter tackles such a perspective it leaves the question if Fantino and Colak say that the host community must assist these newcomers due to the issues surrounding this population how can we assist youth as a community when we are unaware of youth involvement in criminal behavior for example? Without data, Canadians are left in the dark, and this must change.   We must make a change to recognize these newcomers diplomas (Rossiter and Rossiter, 2009, p.4.) and degrees to set them up for the work field in order for fairness and these barriers to fall down in favor of those newcomers. My approach to the solution of ending criminal behavior is to look at societal resolutions and also understand the change that needs to be placed. I believe that working with the individual and not for the individual will further assist these individuals on a personal identity level and guide them through the services that can help. Both articles bring upon an analytical overview of migration and the effects brought on by the host community and the services lacking these migrating youth and children. As we understand migration to have a negative effect on individuals we also must not rule out the good that migration can do, such as providing a safe haven for these newcomers from escaping from the harsh realities they faced back home. By communities gathering as a welcoming committee in order to provide the newcomers with a welcoming atmosphere the community must do more than accept the realities of just adapting to a mosaic country. We must work together to provide support for the ch ild, youth and their families. We must acknowledge the contributions that each youth and child carries within them and be culturally accepting. It can be instilled that the children are our future, and no matter what country these children and youth come from, all should be given a fair opportunity.   Ã‚  

Essay --

Lower leg pain has been a mystery, with it being named by several different terms. Shin pain that most athletes refer to as shin splints is now being termed Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome or MTSS. Some atheltes under estimate the severity of shin splints by simply having a lack of knowledge. â€Å"In 1974, Clement was among the fist to postulate that â€Å"tibial stress syndrome† was caused by a periostitis that could progress to tibial stress fracture† (Craig, 17). Inflammation of the periosteum and also the tibialis posterior lead to MTSS and ultimately a stress fracture. In order to further research about the cause of MTSS, tissue biopsy was performed on 62 patients in a study by Johnell. According to Craig, 2008, Johnell found that there was an increased tissue metabolic activity, like osteoblast proliferation. Osteoblasts are bone cells that attempt to grow new and repair damaged bone. Osteoblast are present often with inflammation, which is a bodies response to in jury. Through this study, Johnell found that 2/3 of his patients had bone damage, which explains why osteoblasts were proliferating. In a later study by Michael and Holdner they suggested that instead of the tibialis posterior, the soleus was a major cause of MTSS. â€Å"They found that 1/3 of the MTSS patients had soleus fascia inflammation and 1/3 had bony inflammation just underneath the fascial attachment into the bone† (Craig, 17). Inflammation ultimately causes pain. This explains why the soleus is a contributor to MTSS. Athletes who participate in sports like Track and Field where they are in repeated plantar flexion put a lot of pressure on the gastrocnemius and soleus. The gastrocnemius and soleus are consistantly being contracted with every stride and take off for a ... ...8). With out an arch, the soleus is being stretched for long periods of time that causes it to become fatigued and strained which can put pressure on the tibia. It can not be concluded that excessive pronation causes MTSS, but is rather a risk factor. By taping an individuals arch, the amount of pronation can be decreased as well as the amount of pain experienced. Craig also suggests pool work outs once a week to allow for bone healing. I think this is a great idea, and more coaches should implement a pool work out into their weekly routine. Swimming still allows atheltes to have a cardiovascualr work out while giving their tibia's a break. Some atheltes have an extremely high pain tolerance and will continue to practice and perform, with or without treatment. Though with preventative measures like taping and rehab, the treatment of MTSS can hopefully be achieved.

Process Essay - How to Win an Argument :: Expository Process Essays

Process Essay - How to Win an Argument To win an argument one must keep in mind the following factors: Is the argument worth fighting? Do you have the proper background to win the argument? Who is your opponent? And finally, do I have the proper argumentative behavior. Before getting involved in an argument, you must decide whether or not it is even worth fighting. Does the subject at hand have any interest to you, does it make a difference if you win or lose. An argument about Jackie Gleson's weight at death, or the amount of torque output in a 1976 Ford Pinto, probably doesn't make much difference to anyone and isn't very interesting. Not getting involved is probably the best way to go. However if the argument will decide who gets the best parking spot at school, or whether you have one week or one month to write an essay, you may want to consider getting into the dispute. If fighting arguments is just an â€Å"ego boost† or hobby, then disregard the above. The next item to take into consideration is your background on the topic. You should never enter an argument you have no information about, because it will only end in â€Å"your mother is a .....† insults. In a factual argument, it is helpful if the truth is on your side, but as we've learned from our politicians, it is not necessary. However, if the truth does eventually get out you may end up looking like a fool. In a multi-sided argument, an argument which is not dealing in absolute truths, but rather different opinions, it is preferable to believe in the side you for which you are arguing, but isn't necessary if your background is strong enough. In simpler terms, don't get into an argument you know â€Å"nothin† about. It is important to know with whom you are arguing. If you are in a relationship (guy - girl), and you are the guy, give up now you can't win. The laws of nature are against you. If you are the girl in the relationship, you don't need advise. It doesn't matter if you are right or wrong you've won. Just act upset or let out a few tears and he'll crumble. However if you are involved in a same sex, or non relationship bound, argument the game plan is much different. You must have background information, as discussed earlier, as well as a knowledge of your opponent. If he has no insight into the subject and you do, then the upper hand is yours.

Consumerism & marketing Essay

The difference between needing and wanting has changed. In the past people bought products because they needed them; however by time, wanting has become the new needing. Purchasing â€Å"new goods and services with little attention to their true need, products origin, durability or the environmental consequences of manufacture and disposal† has become the new way of consuming. We do not consider why we are buying a certain product or a certain service because we feel that we need it. From a producing world we have shifted into a consumerist world. It is not about the culture, nor the tendencies of personality. With globalization and marketing people have forgotten what it is to buy what you need instead of what you think you need. The goal of marketers both local and international is to come up with marketing strategies through researches that would draw more customers to consume their services and products. According to Marken (n. d), â€Å"Consumerism has changed the rules of the game and produced the need for new strategies. By using the new rules to your advantage, you’re sure to end up on the winning side. † Marketing has taken over everything. Companies that had failed to develop effective marketing strategies end up losing to more successful businesses. To be able to construct a marketing strategy that will be helpful in their undertaking, they have to bear in mind the needs and wants of their target market. In a global context, more extensive researches are conducted to satisfy the needs of the market. It is not only the companies that have to adapt. Consumers also adapt to the changes in the market by responding to the offers. Consciously or not, the consumers had been manipulated to want the newest products in the hope that they will have a better life. Marketing has raised consumerism to what it is now, and has affected every one–male, female and even young kids. People in this country acquire goods even just for the sake of acquiring goods. This culture of consumerism, many people claim, will lead to the demise of the American society – both as they use up limited resources and abuse the capacities of their minds and body. But no matter how needed a change in the pattern of lifestyle and values may be, such will not easily take place. Consumerism is a historical phenomenon, its dynamics embedded with a number of social factors and historical events. In fact, it is social development in American society, both materially and ideologically, that gave rise to consumerism. The 1920s is usually identified as the dawn of consumerism. By this time, the industrial revolution had reached its fruitful stage, and mass production, mass distribution, and thus mass consumption are easily imagined and implemented. Indeed, that was what the owners of large industries and corporations set out to achieve. In order to do these, they designed new systems to control the full processes of production from the raw materials to the finished product. Together with the material reality that faced America in the 1920s was the marketing tool found in psychology. Advertisement campaigns are the core of this decade, shaping the mentality into one, which seek fulfillment in consumption and glorified it. The public was enticed to buy for the sake of buying more than anything else. The advertisements offered whatever one needed, wanted or just lacked. Perhaps there can be no clearer situation that demonstrated the power of advertising than during World War II. Even at a time when the nation was actually being frugal, living with recycling and rationing, advertisers worked hard to maintain the same level of consumerism. During the World War II, Americans supported their government by helping the nation economize, either by growing food in their own garden or by recycling resources for other productions. During the war even though there was not much to sell or not much available sources to buy anything, advertisers would still work on their campaigns. As everyone waited for the war to end, there came the excitement after the war. As the war ended, people were ready to forget and get back to their lives as consumers. New products were introduced during this era like aerosol spray cans or nylon. Such new products caught the attention of the consumer and created a cycle; newer products increased the willingness to buy more. One important factor that facilitated the continuity of consumerism well into the middle of the 20th century was the strategic targeting of women as main consumers. When the war ended, the family became a central part of society again, and women were pushed once more into the homes to become the dutiful wife and mother, integral to rebuilding a healthy and thriving society. The domestic role that woman had for years, and the baby boom after the war were great reasons to create new products and reasons to buy them. The increase in pregnancies and births after the war resulted in the focus of advertisers and producers. New baby products from toys to food, from clothes to books were introduced to the market. And mothers were pressured to have the best and be role models. With men as the ones who earned, women were the one who spent the money; and they spent it according to their role against men. Aside from consuming products for becoming the ideal mothers were the products for being the ideal wife and ideal housekeeper or the ideal woman. Since the early 1920’s consumerism has shifted with the help of marketing and mass production. Women who bought only their necessary needs, like cloths to make their own clothing, or meat that would be enough for the day for the whole family, went into buying the brand that stood ahead. Instead of making clothes for themselves, or having it made for them, people started to buy mass produced clothes from stores. As the quantity of items displayed in stores increased, the competition began. And there came the marketing department. The distinctions of branding, the ad campaigns, the photo shoots and the change in the concepts of beauty, need, and want are all what advertisers and marketers did. Changing one’s perception is not easy, but it is done everyday. Women who were just wives or mothers were now woman standing against their husbands or fathers. They had the opportunity to relieve themselves from their duties and add a little for their own. Now they had the opportunity to buy what they wanted or thought they needed. They had choices for kitchen appliances or furniture designs. Each magazine they bought had suggestions for fashion, make-up and hair, or for their family members. And each suggestion had one thing in common, the fact that it has to be purchased.